Spatial heterogeneity and population risk analysis of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, in China

In this study, semivariance was used to quantitatively measure the spatial heterogeneity for the egg population of cotton bollworm during a growing season. The typical characteristic parameters of theoretical semivariance models against lag distances were applied to measure components of spatial heterogeneity： trend, range, spatial dependence, and the strength of spatial dependence. Then, kriging interpolation was used to evaluate the population risk of cotton bollworm exceeding economic thresholds. From early June through early September, the population densities were sampled 10 times in the study field. Results showed that the spatial patterns were related to population density. For its low-density population, the spatially heterogeneous trends were usually of spherical shapes; but for highdensity ones, the trends shifted to Gaussian shapes. The spatial dependence appeared at varied distances ranging from 52 meters to 936 meters, and the spatial dependence was in the range of 0.39-288.60, which changed with population densities. While having high heterogeneity, the strength of spatial dependence became much stronger. Results of population risk analysis showed that there was a high risk during its early stages, especially in mid-June. In August, population risk was so low that it did not need to be controlled.     

Manus-only titanosaurid trackway from Fumanya (Maastrichtian, Pyrenees): further evidence for an underprint origin

The origin of manus-only and manus dominated sauropod trackways has been a matter of intense debate since two hyphothesis exist: (a) manus-only and manus-dominated trackways result from a 'swimming' sauropod, and (b) they result from a selective underprint phenomenon that only leaves the manus recorded. Several new sauropod trackways are reported in the Fumanya tracksite area (Maastrichtian), in SE Pyrenees, where both tracks and undertracks are found on the same stratigraphic bedding surface. In one of the trackways, footprint morphology together with the trackway pattern displays a clear succession of manus-only impressions attributed to a sauropod dinosaur in a walking gait. The ichnological comparison between the manus-only trackway with the other complete trackway (manus-pes) display an identical distribution of the manus pattern. This fact clearly points towards an underprint phenomenon as the origin for manus-only trackways, since it is rather unlikely that the same pattern would completely match different locomotion behaviours such as walking and swimming. Therefore, we suggest an interpretation based on the differential loading between the hindfoot and the forefoot on an upper stratigraphic track-level, for the studied manus-only trackway. □ Fumanya tracksite, manus-only trackways, titanosaurs, trackway pattern, underprint, Upper Cretaceous.     

Characterization of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase gene from Camptotheca acuminata

5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS; 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyl-transferase; EC 2.5.1.19) is a critical enzyme in the shikimate pathway. The full-length EPSPS cDNA sequence (CaEPSPS, GenBank accession number: AY639815) was cloned and characterized for the first time from woody plant, Camptotheca acuminata, using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. The full-length cDNA of CaEPSPS was 1778 bp containing a 1557 bp ORF (open reading frame) encoding a polypeptide of 519 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 55.6 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.22. Comparative and bioinformatic analyses revealed that CaEPSPS showed extensive homology with EPSPSs from other plant species. CaEPSPS contained two highly conserved motifs owned by plant and most bacteria EPSPSs in its N-terminal region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaEPSPS belonged to dicotyledonous plant EPSPS group. Tissue expression pattern analysis indicated that CaEPSPS was constitutively expressed in leaves, stems and roots, with the lower expression being found in roots. The coding sequence of CaEPSPS gene was successfully subcloned in a plasmid-Escherichia coli system (pET-32a), and the cells containing the plasmid carrying the CaEPSPS gene exhibited enhanced tolerance to herbicide glyphosate, compared to the control.     

地形因子对森林景观格局多尺度效应分析

以TM影像和野外调查为数据源,3S技术为研究手段,分析了泰山的森林景观结构动态变化以及景观格局沿高程的分异。选择相对高差较大的区域设计了8个地形方位,采用3种由连续样方组成的辐射状样带,在遥感影像上进行信息采集,研究地形对森林景观格局的多尺度效应,分析了不同地形因子对森林景观分异的影响。结果表明,在景观尺度上,地形方位、海拔、山地类型是影响森林景观镶嵌格局的控制因素,坡向、坡度是重要因素,坡形、坡位是不明显因素。以TM影像为信息源,从森林景观分异和梯度分析上,首先要考虑海拔坡向指数、坡形坡位指数和海拔,并立足于地形方位。地形主要因子间存在着稳定的显著正相关,为森林分异多尺度格局提供了较强的综合解释能力。     

中国拳参属(蓼科)植物叶脉序式样的研究

用清净标本制作法对中国产拳参属（Bistorta）（蓼科）12种1变种植物的叶脉序式样在光镜下进行了比较研究。结果表明,叶脉序式样可分为3种类型：（1）环结曲行羽状脉,边缘末级脉不完全,加粗且外卷;（2）环结曲行荆状脉,二级脉与其余各级脉近等粗,边缘末级脉具边脉,不加粗;（3）直行羽状脉,盲脉无或偶有,边缘末级脉不完全,不加粗。依据叶脉序式样,结合其植物习性及外部形态特征,将拳参属植物划分为3个组：拳参组section Bistortu,乌饭树叶蓼组section Vacciniifolia F．Z．Li,L．X．Liu ＆ Y．T．Hou,sect．nov．和匍枝蓼组section Bambuphyllum F．Z．Li,L．X．Liu ＆ Y．T．Hou,sect．nov．。     

西北地区草地生态系统生态安全评价初探

草地生态系统是我国西北生态脆弱地区的重要组成部分,开展其生态安全的评价对于西部大开发战略的实施有着重要的指导作用,对维护西部地区的政治稳定、经济可持续发展、军事安全等有着不可估量的价值.通过对西北生态脆弱地区草地生态系统现状的剖析,阐述了开展草地生态系统生态安全评价的意义,确立了草地生态系统生态安全评价的原则,分析影响草地生态系统生态安全的6个主要因子:人类活动、草地生态系统功能、植被群落动态、气候变化、土壤条件、有害生物等.在此基础上,初步构建草地生态安全评价的理论指标体系.     

几个引进枣品种枣头及果实生长发育规律的研究

研究得知湘南地区引进沾化冬枣、梨枣和骏枣的枣头一次枝(下简称枣头)伸长生长节律与本地品种鸡蛋枣相似,幼树期枣头有两次明显的伸长生长过程,其间出现生长暂缓期。从枣头年生长量看,三个引进品种均比本地品种鸡蛋枣要小,但秋季生长量比重均比鸡蛋枣还要大。三个引进品种果实均较鸡蛋枣大,果实生长规律均与鸡蛋枣相似。但各个品种果实生育期均长于鸡蛋枣。冬枣果实生育期最长为100天~110天,梨枣与骏枣果实生育较短,梨枣70天~75天,骏枣约85天,而鸡蛋枣只有65天~70天。     

植物种群空间分布格局测定的新方法：摄影定位法

 在种群空间分布格局研究中,取样方法至关重要。受点格局分析方法及地理信息系统原理与方法的启示,该文论述了一种新的测定方法：摄影定位法,即在典型草原恢复样地中选取10 m×10 m的群落片段,用竹签将其分成400个50 cm×50 cm的亚样方,应用摄影技术将这400个亚样方内所有的物体按一定的顺序拍摄下来,借助地理信息系统技术准确地确定每株（丛）植物的着生点位置,实现种群格局的测定,并通过威尔柯克森符号秩检验,表明该种方法可行。在使用此法进行种群格局测定时,工作效率大幅度提高, 且在典型草原群落种群格局测定中得到很好的效果。应用该测定方法对种群格局进行动态监测,不仅可以测定每个种群的格局动态变化过程,而且可以监测每株植物的生死过程以及种间的相互关系,进而从种群格局角度去认识演替过程,从而把演替的群落、种群尺度监测细化到个体水平。     

碧桃朝鲜球坚蚧的出蛰若虫空间格局及应用

采用多种聚集度指标、Iwao法和Taylor幂函数法分析朝鲜球坚蚧出蛰若虫在碧桃上的空间格局。结果表明,出蛰若虫在碧桃上呈聚集分布,分布以个体群形式存在。碧桃不同段位上的聚集度指标和Iwao法均表明其为聚集分布,而Taylor幂函数法测定为上、中段均匀分布,下段聚集分布,综合分析其成因是各样地受害程度及垂直方向虫口密度差异显著所致。聚集均数λ值的测定结果表明,该虫的聚集原因主要由出蛰若虫自身的生物学习性和环境因素所引起。此外,利用空间格局参数确定了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型。